Best Brokers for Beginners 2025

Minimum Deposit	Leverage	MT4	MT5
10$	1:2000	✅	✅
100$	1:500	❌	❌
10$	1:1000	✅	✅
5$	1:500	✅	✅
1$	1:3000	✅	✅
1$	1:3000	✅	✅
100$	1:500	❌	❌
1$	1:2000	✅	✅
200$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:300	✅	✅
5$	1:1000	✅	✅
100$	1:1000	✅	✅
200$	1:500	✅	✅
50$	1:500	✅	✅
5$	1:1000	✅	✅
50$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
1$	1:500	✅	✅
1$	1:2000	✅	✅
10$	1:1000	✅	✅
25$	1:1000	✅	✅
10$	1:2000	✅	✅
100$	1:30	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
10$	1:1000	❌	❌
250$	1:30	✅	✅
25$	1:400	✅	✅
25$	1:400	✅	✅
5$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:1000	✅	❌
10$	1:100	❌	❌
100$	1:30	✅	✅
1$	1:1000	✅	✅
100$	1:30	✅	✅
10$	1:500	✅	✅
10$	1:500	✅	❌
1 USDT	1:125	❌	❌
50$	1:500	✅	❌
0.001₿	1:500	✅	✅
0$	1:500	✅	✅
20$	1:1000	✅	✅
10$	1:200	✅	✅
1$	1:500	✅	❌
20$	1:30	✅	✅
50$	1:1000	✅	✅
10$	1:500	✅	✅
10$	1:1000	✅	❌
1$	1:400	❌	❌
100$	1:500	✅	✅
5$	1:1000	✅	✅
1$	1:200	✅	✅
1$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
25$	1:1	❌	❌
100$	1:500	✅	✅
1$	1:100	✅	✅
1$	1:400	✅	✅
1$	1:1000	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
10$	1:1000	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
1$	1:1000	✅	✅
10$	1:1000	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
200$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
50$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:1000	✅	✅
200$	1:400	❌	❌
100$	1:500	✅	✅
200$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:200	✅	❌
100$	1:500	✅	✅
50$	1:500	✅	✅
200$	1:500	✅	✅
200$	1:500	✅	❌
200$	1:500	✅	✅
200$	1:30	✅	✅
200$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	❌
200$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:300	✅	❌
100$	1:200	✅	❌
100GBP	1:30	❌	❌
100$	1:500	✅	✅
50$	1:200	✅	✅
0$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:100	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	❌
10$	1:500	✅	❌
10$	1:500	❌	❌
10$	1:1000	✅	❌
50$	1:500	✅	❌
10$	1:500	❌	❌
10$	1:500	❌	❌
10$	1:1000	❌	❌
10$	1:500	❌	❌
100$	1:500	✅	❌
100$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
10$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
500$	1:500	✅	❌
50$	1:500	✅	✅
100$	1:500	✅	✅
200$	1:200	✅	✅
1$	1:1000	✅	✅
10$	1:500	✅	❌
100$	1:500	✅	✅
10$	1:200	✅	✅
100$	1:400	✅	✅
50$	1:400	✅	❌

Article Overview show

Pros and Cons

Pros

Easy-to-Use Platforms Most brokers for beginners offer user-friendly platforms that are intuitive and easy to navigate.
Educational Resources Brokers often provide extensive educational materials, including webinars, tutorials, and guides to help novice traders learn the basics of trading.
Low Minimum Deposits Many firms have low minimum deposit requirements, making it accessible for everybody to start trading with a small investment.
Demo Accounts They usually offer demo accounts where you can practice trading without risking real money.
Responsive Customer Support, Good companies provide robust customer support to assist with any issues or questions.

Cons

Limited Advanced Features: Beginner-friendly brokers may lack advanced trading tools and features needed by experienced traders.
Higher Fees on Some Assets: Some trading firms may charge higher fees or spreads on certain assets.
Less Choice of Assets: Brokers targeting young investors might offer a limited selection of assets compared to other companies.
Platform Limitations: Some beginner platforms may not support more complex trading strategies.
Potential Over-Reliance on Tools: Beginners may become overly dependent on automated tools and signals provided.

Understanding the basics: What makes a broker suitable for beginners?

Choosing a broker as a beginner can be overwhelming due to the numerous factors that must be considered.

A suitable firm should be user-friendly, offer extensive educational resources, provide responsive customer support, have low entry costs, and prioritize security and regulation.

Brokerage firms act as intermediaries between traders and financial markets, offering various instruments like forex, stocks, commodities, and cryptocurrencies.

Understanding the different types of brokers is essential.

They may be market makers, STP (Straight Through Processing) brokers, or ECN (Electronic Communication Network).

Market makers provide liquidity by taking the opposite side of a trade, while STP and ECN brokers route orders directly to the market or liquidity providers, potentially offering lower spreads and faster execution.

Each type has different implications for trading costs, speed, and transparency, which are crucial.

Key features of beginner-friendly brokers

User-friendly platforms

User-friendly platforms are vital for novices, as they reduce the complexity and help build confidence.

Brokers like eToro and IQ Option are popular for their intuitive and straightforward platforms.

eToro is designed with a clean interface, enabling new users to easily navigate the various tools, place trades, and manage portfolios without unnecessary complications.

This design simplicity is crucial for those who may feel overwhelmed by more complex platforms.

IQ Option also stands out with its sleek and modern interface, featuring drag-and-drop functionality and a straightforward layout that allows beginners to understand and execute trades easily.

Its platform is ideal for those just starting, providing a range of technical indicators, charts, and trading tools that help anybody learn the basics without feeling lost.

Companies like XM and FBS offer fully functional mobile apps that replicate the desktop experience.

This mobile trading capability is particularly appealing to new players who wish to monitor their trades or enter the market at any time from their smartphones or tablets.

These apps provide flexibility and convenience, allowing investors to stay connected to the market, access tools, and execute trades on the go.

Beginners should focus on brokers that provide user-friendly platforms with intuitive designs and easy-to-navigate interfaces. This can significantly reduce the learning curve and help build confidence in trading.

Educational resources and tools

Education is the cornerstone of any successful trading journey, especially for first time traders.

Brokers that offer extensive educational resources are ideal for new users.

These resources typically include webinars, video tutorials, e-books, market analysis, and other forms of training materials that can guide investors from basic concepts to advanced strategies.

Pepperstone and Exness provide comprehensive educational resources tailored to traders at different levels.

Beginners can start with foundational courses covering trading basics, risk management, and technical analysis.

Webinars and tutorials from these companies often feature market experts who provide insights and answer questions in real time, making learning more interactive and engaging.

PepperstoneExnessBoth

Pepperstone offers in-depth webinars and tutorials led by market experts, providing valuable insights for beginners.

Exness provides a wide range of e-books and video tutorials to help users understand trading basics and develop strategies.

Both brokers offer demo accounts that allow novice traders to practice trading without risking real money.

A standout example is XM, which goes beyond the standard offerings by providing multilingual webinars, regional seminars, and interactive learning experiences.

These resources cater to a global audience, ensuring that people from different backgrounds can learn in their preferred language and style.

Additionally, XM’s online learning center covers everything from basic tutorials to advanced trading strategies, making it an excellent choice for new market participants.

Low initial deposit requirements

People with no experience often hesitate to start trading due to the initial costs involved.

Many beginner-friendly brokers, such as RoboForex and JustMarkets, offer low minimum deposit requirements, sometimes as low as $10 or even $1.

This low entry barrier allows new users to start with minimal financial commitment, reducing the risk while they learn the ropes.

Brokers with low deposit requirements are ideal for those who want to dip their toes in the market without risking significant capital.

This approach enables novice traders to explore various markets, understand different asset classes, and develop their trading strategies without the pressure of a large financial commitment.

Broker	Minimum Deposit
RoboForex	$10
JustMarkets	$5
IQ Option	$10
FBS	$1

Low deposit brokers are particularly useful for those who may want to test different trading strategies, explore various asset classes, and familiarize themselves with the market without risking substantial sums of money.

Responsive customer support

best-brokers-beginners

Customer support is a crucial feature for new traders, who are more likely to need assistance as they navigate the complexities of trading platforms and market terminology.

Brokers such as FXTM and IC Markets are well-regarded for their excellent customer support, which is available through multiple channels, including live chat, phone, and email.

Pepperstone offers 24/7 customer support in multiple languages, which is invaluable for those who might be trading from different time zones or who need help outside of standard business hours.

Quick response times and knowledgeable support staff can make a significant difference in a beginner’s trading experience, providing peace of mind and helping them solve problems quickly.

Cons

Not all brokers offer the same level of customer support quality and availability. Inexperienced customers should check reviews and test their service themselves before committing.

Regulation and security

Choosing a regulated firm is one of the most critical decisions a new client can make.

Regulation ensures that it adheres to stringent financial standards and practices, providing transparency and security.

Companies regulated by reputable authorities such as the FCA (Financial Conduct Authority) in the UK, ASIC (Australian Securities and Investments Commission) in Australia, or CySEC (Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission) in Cyprus are generally more trustworthy.

Admirals (formerly Admiral Markets) and Tickmill are examples of firms regulated by multiple authorities, ensuring they comply with high standards of financial practice.

Regulated firms also provide added security measures, such as segregating client funds from their operational funds, thereby protecting clients in the event of insolvency.

New users should always verify its regulatory status and the licensing body under which they operate.

This information is usually available on the website and should be easy to find and verify.

Flexible account types and leverage options

Different brokers offer plenty of account types designed to cater to traders of all experience levels.

For beginners, companies like FXOpen or OctaFX that offer micro, or cent accounts are particularly beneficial.

These accounts allow traders to start with smaller trade sizes, reducing risk while gaining valuable experience.

Leverage options are another important consideration.

While high leverage can amplify potential gains, it also increases potential losses.

Companies like Axi and HYCM offer flexible leverage options, allowing new users to start with lower leverage and gradually increase it as they become more confident and experienced.

Beginners should choose brokers that offer flexible account types and leverage options. Starting with lower leverage can help manage risk and prevent significant losses during the learning phase.

Evaluating popular brokers

eToro: Social trading and community support

eToro is renowned for its unique social trading platform, making it one of the best choices for new investors.

Social trading allows users to view, follow, and even copy the trades of experienced traders.

This feature is particularly valuable for novices, who can learn by observing and mirroring the strategies of successful traders.

Beyond its social trading capabilities, eToro offers a comprehensive range of educational resources, including webinars, tutorials, and daily market updates.

The platform’s community aspect allows new customers to interact with more experienced users, ask questions, and gain insights, fostering a collaborative learning environment.

The platform’s ease of use, combined with its social trading feature, makes eToro a top choice for those seeking a hands-on learning experience and the opportunity to learn from more experienced traders.

IQ Option: Intuitive platform and low minimum deposit

IQ Option is another excellent brokerage, known for its user-friendly platform and low minimum deposit requirements.

The platform is designed with simplicity in mind, featuring an intuitive interface that makes it easy for new clients to navigate.

With a minimum deposit of just $10, IQ Option offers a low-cost entry into trading.

It also provides a wide range of educational resources, including video tutorials, webinars, and articles that cover the basics of trading.

A demo account is available for users to practice without risking real money, allowing them to gain confidence and experience before moving on to live trading.

Feature 1Feature 2Feature 3

IQ Option’s low minimum deposit of $10 makes it accessible for beginners.

The broker provides a demo account for practice trading without real money risk.

A wide range of educational resources, including tutorials and webinars, helps people learn the basics.

XM: Comprehensive education and low spreads

XM is highly regarded for its focus on education, offering an extensive range of resources tailored to traders of all experience levels.

The broker provides free webinars, tutorials, and detailed market analysis, making it an excellent choice for amateurs.

Additionally, XM offers several account types with low spreads, which is beneficial for minimizing trading costs.

XM’s educational initiatives include daily webinars in multiple languages, interactive online courses, and regional seminars.

These resources cater to a global audience, providing a solid foundation for understanding trading principles and developing effective strategies.

Their flexible leverage options and fast execution speeds further enhance its appeal to inexperienced traders, who can start small and gradually increase their trade sizes as they gain more confidence and experience.

Pepperstone: Robust platform options and excellent customer support

Pepperstone is known for offering advanced trading platforms like MetaTrader 4 and 5, which are favored for their sophisticated charting tools and customization options.

It provides a wide range of educational resources, including webinars, tutorials, and market analysis, catering to both novices and professionals.

Pepperstone stands out for its excellent customer service, available 24/7 through various channels.

This level of support is particularly beneficial for those who may need assistance at any time while navigating the platform or executing trades.

Its commitment to education and responsive customer support makes it a top choice for new traders.

Exness: Comprehensive support and low deposit requirements

Exness is another excellent provider, particularly known for its low minimum deposit requirements and extensive customer support.

Exness offers 5 account types, including Standard and Professional accounts, with minimum deposits as low as $1.

This low entry point is ideal for those looking to start trading without a substantial financial commitment.

Exness provides 24/7 customer support in multiple languages, ensuring that clients can get help whenever needed.

The company also offers a range of educational resources, including webinars, video tutorials, and market analysis, to help new users build their knowledge base.

RoboForex: Flexible accounts and comprehensive education

RoboForex is another great choice for beginners, offering a range of flexible account types, including cent accounts, which allow trading with minimal amounts.

This flexibility is ideal for first-time users who want to minimize their risk while gaining experience.

RoboForex provides a wide array of educational materials, including webinars, tutorials, articles, and market analysis.

The broker also offers a demo account, allowing inexperienced traders to practice trading strategies without risking real money.

Additionally, RoboForex’s low minimum deposit requirement makes it accessible to new investors.

Beginners should consider trading firms like RoboForex that offer flexible account types and comprehensive educational resources to support their learning and trading journey.

Practical tips for beginners to start trading

Start small and learn gradually

One of the most important tips for first-timers is to start with small amounts of capital and use demo accounts to practice trading in a risk-free environment.

This approach helps minimize potential losses while learning the basics of trading.

Brokers like FBS and FXCM offer demo accounts that provide a simulated trading environment with virtual money.

Beginners should spend ample time using demo accounts to familiarize themselves with the trading platform, test different strategies, and gain a more profound understanding of how the market operates.

Practicing in a risk-free environment allows new traders to build confidence and develop their skills without the fear of losing real money.

Understand the market dynamics

Before diving into trading, novices should take the time to understand the market they wish to trade in, whether it’s forex, stocks, commodities, or cryptocurrencies.

Each market has its unique characteristics and requires different strategies.

Forex trading, for example, involves understanding currency pairs, interest rates, and geopolitical events, while stock trading requires a grasp of company performance, earnings reports, and market sentiment.

Companies like Admirals and XTB offer a range of educational content that helps traders understand these market dynamics better.

Beginners should take advantage of these resources to gain a comprehensive understanding of how different markets operate and the factors that influence them.

Utilize educational resources and tools

Leveraging the educational resources provided by beginner-friendly firms is crucial for new users.

These resources include tutorials, webinars, articles, market analysis, and daily updates.

Understanding both fundamental and technical analysis is key to successful trading.

Aspect	Detail
Technical Analysis	Using charts and indicators to predict future market movements based on historical data.
Fundamental Analysis	Evaluating economic indicators, company performance, and news events to determine market trends.

XM and IC Markets provide a wide range of educational materials designed to help beginners learn the basics of trading, from chart patterns and technical indicators to risk management and market psychology.

New traders should utilize these resources to build a solid foundation before moving on to more advanced trading strategies.

Stay informed and adaptable

The financial markets are constantly evolving, with conditions changing rapidly due to economic events, geopolitical developments, and market news.

Staying informed and being adaptable is critical for any trader, especially beginners.

Many brokers, such as FXTM and RoboForex, provide daily market analysis, news updates, and economic calendars to help investors stay informed.

Prospective traders should regularly check these updates and adjust their trading strategies accordingly.

Flexibility and adaptability are key traits of successful traders, especially in volatile market conditions.

Develop a trading plan

A well-defined trading plan is essential for any new investor.

This plan should include the trader’s goals, risk tolerance, strategies, and criteria for entering and exiting trades.

Sticking to this plan is crucial, especially during volatile market conditions, to avoid emotional decision-making and to maintain discipline.

A trading plan helps beginners stay focused, manage risks effectively, and make more informed trading decisions.

It also provides a framework for evaluating trading performance and making necessary adjustments.

Practice risk management

Effective risk management is critical.

This includes setting stop-loss and take-profit orders, using appropriate position sizing, and understanding the risks associated with different types of trades.

Brokers like XM and IC Markets offer tools and resources to help people manage their risk effectively.

Risk management strategies should be incorporated into the trading plan and adhered too strictly.

Beginners should avoid over-leveraging, over trading, and taking on more risk than they can afford to lose.

People new to trading should always use risk management tools such as stop-loss and take-profit orders to protect their capital and minimize losses.

Utilize trading tools and indicators

Most brokers offer a range of trading tools and indicators to help traders analyze the markets and make informed decisions.

Beginners should take the time to learn how to use these tools effectively.

Common indicators include moving averages, Bollinger Bands, Relative Strength Index (RSI), and Fibonacci retracements.

Firms like Pepperstone and IC Markets provide access to advanced charting tools and technical indicators that can help first-timers develop a more in-depth understanding of market movements and identify potential trading opportunities.

Key features comparison of top brokers for beginners

To help beginners make an informed choice, the following table provides a responsive comparison of 20 market-leading brokers.

The comparison focuses on critical aspects such as regulation, spread types, account types, payment methods, customer support, educational resources, and the availability of automated trading.

This table is designed to offer a concise overview of essential features that new users should consider when selecting a broker.

Note: The following table is responsive and can be scrolled horizontally with your finger on mobile devices.

Broker	Regulation	Spread Type	Account Types	Payment Methods	Educational Resources
xChief	VFSC	Variable	Cent, Classic, Direct	Bank Wire, Credit/Debit Cards, E-wallets	Articles, Tutorials
JustMarkets	CySEC, FSA	Fixed, Variable	Standard, Pro, Raw Spread	Bank Wire, Credit/Debit Cards, Crypto	Webinars, Articles
XM	FCA, ASIC, CySEC	Tight, Variable	Micro, Standard, Zero	Credit/Debit Cards, Bank Transfer, E-wallets	Webinars, Tutorials
FBS	IFSC, CySEC	Tight, Variable	Cent, Standard, Zero Spread	Credit/Debit Cards, Crypto, E-wallets	Webinars, e-books
RoboForex	IFSC	Variable	Cent, Standard, ECN, Prime	Bank Wire, Credit/Debit Cards, E-wallets	Video Tutorials, Webinars
XTB	FCA, CySEC, KNF	Tight, Variable	Standard, Pro	Credit/Debit Cards, Bank Transfer	Market Analysis, Webinars
Exness	FCA, CySEC, FSA	Tight, Variable	Standard, Pro, Zero, Raw Spread	Bank Wire, Credit/Debit Cards, Crypto	Webinars, Tutorials
IC Markets	ASIC, CySEC, FSA	Raw, Variable	Standard, Raw Spread, ECN	Credit/Debit Cards, Bank Transfer, PayPal	Webinars, Analysis
eToro	FCA, CySEC, ASIC	Variable	Retail, Professional	Bank Wire, Credit/Debit Cards, PayPal	Webinars, Social Trading
IQ Option	CySEC	Fixed	Standard, VIP	Credit/Debit Cards, E-wallets, Crypto	Video Tutorials, Articles
LiteFinance	CySEC	Variable	ECN, Classic	Bank Wire, Credit/Debit Cards, Crypto	Market Analysis, Webinars
EasyMarkets	ASIC, CySEC, FSA	Fixed	Standard, VIP, Premium	Credit/Debit Cards, E-wallets, Crypto	Webinars, Market News
Deriv	MFSA, VFSC	Variable	Standard, Synthetic Indices	Bank Transfer, Credit/Debit Cards, E-wallets	Video Tutorials, Articles
Pepperstone	ASIC, FCA, CySEC	Raw, Variable	Standard, Razor	Credit/Debit Cards, Bank Transfer	Webinars, Market Insights
Vantage	ASIC, CIMA, VFSC	Raw, Variable	Standard, Raw ECN, Pro ECN	Credit/Debit Cards, Bank Transfer, E-wallets	Webinars, Market News
InstaForex	CySEC, BVI	Variable	Standard, Eurica, ECN	Credit/Debit Cards, E-wallets, Crypto	Webinars, Market Analysis
OctaFX	CySEC, SVGFSA	Tight, Variable	Micro, Pro	Credit/Debit Cards, Crypto, Bank Transfer	Webinars, Articles
FXOpen	FCA, CySEC, ASIC	ECN, STP	Micro, ECN, STP, Crypto	Credit/Debit Cards, E-wallets, Crypto	Webinars, Market Insights
Tickmill	FCA, CySEC, FSCA	Tight, Variable	Classic, Pro, VIP	Bank Transfer, Credit/Debit Cards, E-wallets	Webinars, Tutorials
FreshForex	SVGFSA	Variable	Classic, ECN, Pro	Credit/Debit Cards, Crypto, E-wallets	Market News, Tutorials

Conclusion

Selecting the best broker involves considering multiple factors, including user-friendly platforms, comprehensive educational resources, low minimum deposits, responsive customer support, and strong regulatory oversight.

Trading firms like eToro, IQ Option, XM, Pepperstone, Exness, and RoboForex are excellent choices for new users due to their commitment to providing a supportive and accessible trading environment.

By taking advantage of demo accounts, educational resources, and market analysis tools, beginners can build their knowledge and confidence.

Starting with small amounts of capital, developing a solid trading plan, practicing risk management, and staying informed about market conditions are essential steps for those wishing to succeed in the dynamic world of trading.

By choosing the right company and employing these strategies, new traders can increase their chances of success and enjoy a rewarding trading experience.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the best broker for beginners?

The best broker typically offers a user-friendly platform, low fees, educational resources, and responsive customer support. Examples include eToro, Plus500, and IG.

What should I look for in a broker?

As a beginner, look for trading firms with low minimum deposits, demo accounts, educational materials, user-friendly platforms, and excellent customer service.

Are demo accounts beneficial ?

Yes, demo accounts are highly beneficial as they allow users to practice trading without risking real money.

Do brokers offer mobile trading?

Most companies catering to first-timers offer mobile trading apps, enabling you to trade from anywhere.

Can I change brokers later?

Yes, you can change brokers anytime, but it may involve transferring funds and positions, which can incur fees.

Are there any risks in using a broker?

While beginner brokers are generally safe, trading inherently carries risks, so ensure you understand them before starting.

How much money do I need to start trading?

The amount needed to start varies. Some firms require a minimum deposit as low as $10, while others may require more.

User Reviews

“I started with eToro as a complete newbie, and I was really impressed with how easy it was to get started. The platform is very intuitive, and I found the copy trading feature especially useful since I could learn from more experienced traders. Their educational content helped me understand the basics of trading, and I felt supported by their customer service whenever I had questions. Highly recommend it!”

Jessica M.

“As someone new to trading, I chose Plus500 because of its low minimum deposit and easy-to-use platform. The app is smooth, and I could start practicing with a demo account before putting any real money in. However, I did notice some limitations with the available assets, but overall, it’s been a positive experience.”

Michael R.

“IG has been a great broker for me as a beginner. I appreciated the wide range of educational materials, from webinars to articles, which helped me build my knowledge gradually. The platform is straightforward, and I feel like I have room to grow into more advanced features when I’m ready.”

Emma K.

“Trading with CMC Markets has been a decent start. They offer a good demo account for practice, which is a must for beginners. The mobile app is user-friendly, but I found their platform a bit overwhelming at first. It took some time to get used to, but their customer service was very helpful in guiding me through.”

David S.

“I chose Interactive Brokers because of their reputation, and they did not disappoint. Their platform is quite comprehensive, but it can be challenging for new traders at first. However, they offer extensive educational resources, which are a great help. I’m glad I started here because I know I have room to advance as I learn.”

Laura J.

Resources

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Last updated: September 7, 2025